Contents
Preface
I. Introduction
II. Climate
III. Soil
IV. Varieties
V. Sowing
VI. Manures and
Fertilizers
VIII. Irrigation
IX. Diseases
XX. Insect Pests,
XI. Interculture,
XII. Harvesting and Yield,
XIII. Crop
Rotation,
XIV. Cropping,
XV. Uses and
Importance,
XVI. Economics of
Cultivation.
Preface
Pulses being rich source of protein
forms a very important part of vegetarian diet. If consumed with rice, they
supply a good quantity of protein and some essential amino acids. Green gram is
an important pulse crop of India with a wide soil and climatic adaptability.
This booklet describes the scientific cultivation of green gram in detail.
Mr. Sanjaykumar M. Vasoya / Agriculture Researcher in Gujarat, India and Africa
I. Introduction
Green gram or Moong (Vigna radiata)
is a leguminous pulse crop, grown all over India a protein rich dal. Many
botanists agree that it originated in India, since its closely related species
like Vigna radiata var. sunlobata grows wild in India and it has
been grown in this region since prehistoric period. Green gram is cultivated in
India, Burma, Ceylon, Pakistan, China, Fiji and Africa. In India, the important
states growing this crop with a total area of about 30 lakh hectares are
Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan and
Bihar. Its grains are used as dal, soup and feed for animals. Its straw is used
as fodder and fuel.
II. Climate
Green gram grows in a wide range of
climatic conditions. A warm humid climate with temperature range of 25°C to
35°C, with moderate rains of 80-100cm, well distributed during growing period
of 100 days, is quite suitable for its cultivation. The crop grows from sea
level to as high as 2000 meters. In North India, it is cultivated during warm
and wet kharif season and in South India it is cultivated in mild winter rabi
season.
III. Soil
Green gram is grown on a variety of
soils, from red laterite soils in South India to black cotton soils in North
India and sandy soils in Rajasthan. A well drained loamy to sandy loam soil is
the best soil for its cultivation. The crop does not grow well on saline and
alkaline soil or waterlogged soils.
IV. Varieties
Characteristics of important varieties
of green gram are described here.
1. GB-127
This variety was evolved at Samalkola.
It is suitable for dry land cultivation of North-East region. It is a medium
duration, short bushy variety. Pods are long and 5-7 cm, cylindrical, having
5-10 seeds per pod. It can be sown in July as well as in October. It is good
for paddy rotation. It matures in 80-85 days and average yield is 750 kg per
hectare. It is recom- mended for Andhra Pradesh.
2. MG-51
It is immune to leaf spot disease. It
yields about 375 kg of beans per hectare.
3. BR-2
It is a selection from Bhagalpur (Bihar). Plant is semi
erect, pods hairy, seeds mottled green, suitable for kharif season and tolerant
to yellow mosaic virus. It matures in about 100-115 days and yields about 800
to 1000 kg grain per hectare.
4. Amrit
It is a selection from a local material
of Bihar. It is suitable for north and south Bihar as kharif season crop. It is
tolerant to yellow mosaic virus disease. Its seeds are mottled yellow in
colour. The variety matures in about 90 days and average yield is 1000 to 1200
kg of grain per hectare.
5. Sunaina
It is very suitable for summer crop in
Chhota Nagpur plateau of Bihar. The plant is semi erect, seeds are green
shining in colour. It matures in about 60 days and its average yield is 1200 to
1500 kg of grain per hectare: It is an early maturing variety.
6. Khargaon-1
It is most suitable for double cropping
in Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh. Plant is of spreading habit, seeds are bold
and green coloured. It matures in about 65 days and yields on an average 648 kg
grain per hectare. It is an early maturing variety.
7. Jawahar- 45
This variety is suitable for the
eastern and western parts of the northern and Peninsular zones of India. The
pods are about 7 cm long, seeds are of attractive shining green colour. The
plant is semi-erect with light green leaves. It is a medium maturing variety,
matures in 75-90 days and yields on an average 1000 to 1300 kg grain per
hectare.
8. Krishna-11
It is suitable for Gwalior region. It
gives a good grain yield. It is an early maturing variety. Its seeds are light
green and medium in size. It matures in about 70 days and produces an average
1000 to 1200 kg grain per hectare.
9.Varsha
It is suitable for Haryana. It is an
early maturing one. It has a good cooking quality. Its seeds are shining green
and bold. The plant is bushy and small. It yields about 1000 kg per hectare.
10. ML-1
This variety is suitable for Haryana
and Punjab. Its seeds are green in colour and small. It matures in about 90
days and yields about 800 to 1000 kg per. hectare. It is a medium season
variety.
11. ML-5
This variety is suitable for
cultivation in Punjab. It has a good cooking quality. It is fairly tolerant to
yellow mosaic virus. It matures in 80 days and yields about 1000 to 1200 kg of
grain per hectare.
12. G -65
This variety is suitable for Punjab
state. Its seeds are dull green. It is susceptible to yellow mosaic virus
disease. It has a good cooking quality. The plant is erect and can grow about
45 cm high. It matures in about 65 days and yields on an average 800 to 1000 kg
of grain per hectare. It is an early maturing variety.
13. Kopergoan
It is suitable for summer crop in
Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, etc. Its seeds are shining, green and
bold. It matures in 60 days and yields about 500 to 600 kg of grain per
hectare. It is an early maturing variety with shattering pods. Each pod
contains 10-11 seeds.
14. Jalgaon -781
It is also called China Moong. It is
most suitable for growing in Khandesh region of Maharashtra. Its seeds are
green coloured and medium in size. Plant is spreading type with shattering
pods. It matures in 70-80 days and yields about 500 to 600 kg of grain per
hectare.
15. Sindkheda
It is an early maturing variety. Its
plant is erect and seed small. It matures in about 80 days and yields about 515
kg of beans per hectare.
16. CO-1
It is a local variety suitable for
dryland cultivation in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. It has green
globular seeds with 8-12 seeds in each pod. It gives 12-15% more yield than the
local varities. It yields about 465 kg of bean per hectare.
17. CO-2
It is good for both irrigated as well
as unirrigated areas of Tamil Nadu. Its plants are short, erect and semi
spreading. Its seeds are bold and dull green which can be own round the year.
It fits well in multiple cropping and as a companion crop with maize, cotton
and sugarcane. It matures ill about 80 days and yields 1000 kg and 700 kg grain
per hectare in irrigated and unirrigated conditions of Tamil Nadu, respectively.
18. CO-3
It is best suited for irrigated as well
as unirrigated areas of Tamil Nadu. It is resistant to yellow mosaic virus. Its
plant is semi-spreading type. It is early maturing one. Its seeds are shining
green in colour, medium in size. Under irrigated condition, it yields 1200 to
1300 kg and under unirrigated conditions about 600 to 700 kg grains per
hectare, respectively.
19. KM -1
This variety is tolerant to yellow
mosaic virus and pod borers. Its seeds are medium sized and shining. The plant
is medium tall. It matures in 60 to 65 days and yields 600 to 700 kg of grains
per hectare. It is an early maturing variety.
20. Type-1
It is best for growing in Punjab,
Rajasthan, west- ern Uttar Pradesh, Haryana .etc. Its plant is erect, semi
spreading type, pods long, seeds green in colour with 8 to 12 seeds per pod. It
is best for green manuring as well as for grains. It matures in 60 to 65 days
and yields 600 to 900 kg of grains per hectare. It is an early maturing
variety.
21. Pusa Baisakhi
This variety can be grown on all types
of soils. It is suitable for growing both during rainy and summer seasons. Its
pod contain 11 to 14 seeds which are 7.5 to 9 cm long. Its grain is dull green
and medium bold. It matures in 60-70 days and yields 800 to 1000 kg of grains
per hectare.
22. Type -51
It is suitable for plains of Uttar
Pradesh especially for mixed cropping in kharif season. Plant is tall, erect
(75 cm), profusely branched with seeds which are shining green in colour and
medium sized. Its pods are long covered, 7-9 cm long. It matures in about 80
days and yields 800 to 1200 kg of grains per hectare.
23. K-851
This variety is suitable for growing in
Uttar Pradesh. The plant is spreading type, its pod is long, flowers yellow in
colour, foliage dark green with purple pigmentation on stem spreading type. It
matures in 60- 65 days and yields about 1000 to 1200 kg of grain per hectare.
24. Sheela
This variety is good for entire Uttar
Pradesh as a kharif season crop. Its seeds are shining green and bold. It is a
tall erect plant with dark green foliage. It matures in 75 to 80 days and
yields about 1500 to 2000 kg of grain per hectare.
25. Pant Moong -1
This variety is suitable for entire
Uttar Pradesh except hills and eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is moderately resistant
to yellow mosaic virus disease and seeds are medium size. seeds. It matures in
75 days during kharif and 65 days in zaid and yields about 1000 to 1200 kg of
grain per hectare.
26. Mohini
It is suitable for growing in
north-east and north-west plains. It is tolerant to yellow mosaic virus and cercospora
leaf spot disease. The plant is well branched and tall, grains are small
and shining green. Each pod contain 10-12 seeds. The plant matures in 70-75
days. Yield is about 1000 to 1200 kg of grain per hectare. I
27. PS-16
This variety is suitable for rainy and
summer seasons allover the country. Grains are small and shining green. Plant
is erect, medium tall and profusely branched. The variety matures in 60-65 days
and yields on an average 1000 to 1200 kg of grain per hectare. It has a fair
degree of tolerance to yellow mosaic disease.
28. B-1
It is suitable for growing in West
Bengal. Its seeds are small in size with golden shining colour. It matures in
60-65 days and yields on an average 800 to 900 kg of grains per hectare. It is
an early maturing variety.
I 29. B -105
It is recommended for cultivation in
West Bengal. Its seeds are shining green and bold. It matures in 35 to 60 days
and yields 800 to 1000 kg grain per hectare.
30. T-150
It is suitable for Orissa. It is an
early maturing variety, profusely branched, unripe pods are green with no
distinct structure, ripe pods are brown about 5 cm long and each pod contains
about 8 seeds. Seeds are green, blackish mottled and shining. The average yield
is 375 kg of grain per hectare.
31. T-2105
It is a spreading type and early
maturing variety suitable for Orissa. The ripe pods are light brown, while
unripe pods are green with distinct structure. The average yield is 375 kg of
grain per hectare.
32. SEL-932
This is a spreading type variety.
Leaves are large, the ripe pods are light grey while unripe pods are green in
colour with distinct red veins one ventral surface. Its seeds are green and
shining.
33. Utkal
It is a spreading variety with large
leaves. The ripe pods are irony grey, while the unripe pods are dark green with
pinkish veins on the ventral surface. Its seeds are dark green and dull in
colour.
34. GG-525
This variety is most suitable for
Andhra Pradesh as main season crop sown in September and harvested in December.
It is an erect type with bold, long and light green pods. Its seeds are
yellowish green, attractive and bold. It matures in 90 days.
35. N -305
This variety is a good yielder,
recommended for Hissar and Gurgaon districts of Haryana. It is tall and early
maturing variety. Its pods are oblong and seeds are green In colour. It matures
In 85 days.
36. SEL-946
This variety is suitable for Orissa. It
is a spreading type having less branches, leaves are small, unripe pods dark
green with distinct red veins on ventral surface. Seeds are shining and
mottled.
37. MP-23
This variety has long pods about 5 to
7.5 cm long in clusters. Seeds are shining green, attractive, medium sized with
a good dal and high protein percentage. It matures in 75 days and yields 20%
more than the local varieties.
38. No-49
This variety is a selection from China
moong and is most suitable for Punjab state. Its beans are bold, free from hard
grains. It is very early maturing variety and can be harvested by the end of
October. It can be grown in rotation with wheat. It yields about 325 to 745 kg
of grain per hectare.
V. Sowing
1. Preparation of field
Green gram being a legume crop,
requires proper drainage and ample aeration in the field so that activities of
the nitrogen fixing bacteria are not hampered at any stage of plant growth.
Loamy or silt loam soils, after 3-4 cross ploughings followed by harrowings and
plankings give enough desirable field conditions for its cultivation. After
sowing, the field is divided into a number of slopping segments (beds) of
reasonable size to help retention of rain water into the soil for optimum
moisture contents. These slopping beds also help to drain out the excessive
water due to heavy rains.
2. Selection of seed
Seeds which are healthy, undamaged,
free from insect pests and fungus should be selected. The quantity of seed required
is about 12 kg/hectare for kharif crop and 20 kg /hectare for rabi crop. If
possible seed may be screened through 5% salt solution. Then it is washed and
dried in shade. This ensures heavy and healthy seeds.
3. Seed treatment
Well dried seed may be treated with
Captan or Thiram @ 2.5 gjkg seed as precaution against any seed borne disease.
4. Seed inoculation, Green gram when sown in a field, where the same crop has
not been grown for a number of previous seasons requires an inoculation with
fresh green gram Rhizobium culture obtained from a reliable source. In case
culture is not available, then 50 kg top soil from any other field in which the
gram crop was grown successfully is taken and mixed with the new field at the
time of sowing.
5. Method of sowing
In North India, this crop is sown with
the onset of monsoon i.e. second fortnight of June to first fort- night of
July. In South India, it is sown during the month of October-November. In some
central states it is sown from March-April. Kharif crop is mostly sown as mixed
crop with maize, bajra, ragi or cotton, while rabi crop is sown as pure crop.
Most of the farmers sow the seed by broadcasting method, but line sowing method
is more advantageous as it re- quires less seed and yields more. The space between
the lines is kept 30-45 cm and between the plants
VI. Manures and Fertilizers
Green gram field requires proper
aeration and good retention of moisture in the soil. The application of well
decomposed 10-12 tonnes of farmyard manure (FYM) gives the desired quality to
the soil.
The FYM is mixed with soil one month
before the sowing. In addition to FYM, the crop requires 20 kg nitrogen and 50
kg phosphorus per hectare. All these quantities of fertilizers are mixed with
soil at the time of sowing by fertilizer-drill or pora.
VIII. Irrigation
Normally, green gram is grown under
rainfed condition and its success depends upon the natural pat- tern of rains
during the crop growth. Therefore, most of the growers prepare only drainage
channel for draining excessive water due to heavy rains. It is only in areas of
scanty rainfall, if irrigation water is available, some irrigations are
applied. The right stages of irrigation are branching stage, full bloom stage
and pod formation stage. Excess irrigations result in delayed maturity and poor
yield. About 4-5 irrigations are enough during whole crop period.
IX. Diseases
Diseases cause a great damage to this
crop. The important diseases affecting this crop are described here.
1. Cercospora leaf spot
This disease is caused by two species
of Cercospora fungus. The pathogens perpetuate on infected plant debris.
The spots appear four to six weeks after sowing of the crops, depending upon
environmental conditions. In this disease, small round spots, violet red in colour
are observed. These spots can be recognized by their grey coloured centres.
Such spots are also visible on pods and the affected pods become blackened.
These leaf spots increase in size and number during flowering and pod formation
stages when environmental conditions are favourable for their development. To
control: (1) spray Dithane Z- 78 @ 2 kg in 1000 litres of water per hectare,
(2) spray Dithane M-45 @ 2 kg in 1000 litres of water per hectare. Two sprays
should be done. (3) Remove the debris of plants from the field. (4) Remove all
the infected plants and burn them. (5) Do not sow the seeds in the field
affected last year by the disease. (6) Adopt 3 to 4 year crop rotation.
2. Anthracnose
This disease is caused by fungus Colletotrichum
capasici. The disease is initially characterized by the production of dark
brown circular spots. Infected portion show dark brown, sunken spots with
raised margins. Tissues of necrotic spots on leaves collapse, leaves become
thin and papery. The infection may also spread to pods where dark coloured
spots are visible on them. It is a serious disease of green gram and needs
immediate control. To control (1) spray Dithane Z- 78 @ 2 kg in 1000 litres of
water per hectare, (3) sow healthy seeds free from disease, (4) adopt 4-5 year
crop rotation, and (5) grow resistant varieties.
3. Yellow mosaic
This disease is caused by a virus. It
is more common in Uttar Pradesh and other states of northern India. Yellow,
diffused) round spots scattered in the leaf lamina are initial symptoms. These
spots expand rapidly. The newly emerging leaves, show symptom right from the
beginning of the disease. The affected leaves later on become completely yellow
and green areas appear on them. To control: (1) spray the crop with Metasystox
(0.1%) plus Malathion (0.1%) two or three times. The first spray should be
given as soon as symptoms appear in the crop. (2) Grow dis- ease resistant
varieties. (3) Adopt 3-4 years crop rotation.
4. Charcoal rot
This disease is caused by fungus Macrophomina
phaseoli. The plants get infected after a month of sowing. At the collar
region, vascular portion of roots become brown, rootless and plants dry up. The
disease is characterized by rotting of roots and stems of the plant, where
reddish brown to dark coloured spots are formed beneath the soil surface. The
affected stems later turn black. To control: (1) treat the seeds with Brassicol
0.25% before sowing, (2) grow resistant varieties, (3) do not grow fresh crop
in the previously affected field, and (4) remove the infected plants and burn
them.
5. Mosaic mottle
The leaves emerging after the initial symptoms
become deformed, reduce in size and thin margins show upward rolling. Later,
these young leaves show the raising of the interveinal areas appearing in the form
of blisters. The symptoms of this disease appear in the form of irregular light
green areas, alternating with normal green areas. It is a seed-borne virus
disease. To control: (1) spray Metasystox (0.1%) at the initial stage of attack
to control the insect vector, (2) avoid sowing of seeds obtained from diseased
plants since the virus is a seed borne, and (3) grow resistant varieties.
6. Seed and seedling rot
A number of fungi such as Fusarium
sp, Macrophomina phaseoli, Rhizoctonia solani, etc. have been found
responsible for this disease. Poor germination of seeds takes place. The seeds
rot and the plants become weak. It is a serious disease of the green gram.
Sometimes resowing of the crop has to be done if the disease is not controlled
well in time. To control: (1) treat the seeds with Thiram (0.25%) or Captan
(0.25%), (2) sow the fresh and clean seeds obtained from a healthy crop, (3)
remove the infected plants and bum them away from the field, and (4) adopt 3-4
years crop rotation.
7. Leaf curl
It is also a virus disease. Within the
weeks of seed sowing the symptoms are visible as chlorosis round the lateral
veins near the leaf margin in young plants. The margins of the affected leaves
curl downwards while as the veins on the lower surface of the leaves become
reddish brown in colour. The further development of the plant is stopped. To
control: (1) spray Metasystox 0.1 %, three sprays at 10 days interval, (2)
remove the affected plants and leaves and bum them away from the field, and (3)
sow fresh healthy seeds obtained from a healthy crop.
XX. Insect Pests
The important pests of green gram are
described here.
1. Jassid
The nymph as well as the adults being
Hemipterian insects, feed by piercing and sucking on the young leaves. The
damage is more severe when the plants are young. The leaves are crumpled and
the plants look sick. This medium sized wedge shaped green insect is quite
agile and have peculiar habit of side way movement over leaf surface. The adult
jassids also deposit eggs within tissues of tender leaves. The damage caused by
this insect is observed during the vegetative phase of plant growth. To
control: (1) apply Aldrin 10% granules @ 10 kg per hectare, (2) spray crop with
0.04% Monocrotophos 40 EC, and (3) give basal application of Phorate 10%
granules @ 10 kg per hectare.
2. Leaf hopper
Both the adults and the nymphs of this
pest suck the juice from the tender leaves and stem of the plant. The colour of
the leaf changes. As the result of sucking the juice from these tiny leaves,
they turn brown in colour and curl from the edges. The further growth of the
plant is reduced as there is no food formation in the leaves. The branches
become weak and naked. To control: (1) spray the crop with 0.04% Monocrotophos
40 EC, (2) apply Aldrin 10% granules @ 10 kg per hectare, and (3) apply Phorate
10% granules @ 10 kg per hectare.
3. Beetle (Galenlcid beetle)
The adults feed on the plant parts,
reduce the set- ting of pods and grains. The pest is active from Au- gust to
December. To control: (1) apply Aldrin 10% granules @ 10 kg per hectare as
basal dose or (2) apply Phorate 10% granules @ 10 kg per hectare as basal dose,
and (3) adopt crop rotation.
4. Bihar hairy caterpillar
This caterpillar causes severe damage
to moong crop by eating away all the green matter of the leaves. The black
spotted yellow coloured, medium sized moths can often be found near the sources
of light during rainy season. They lay batches of yellow globular eggs usually
on the lower surface of the leaves. However, they feed on any of the aerial
parts that is succulent. The whole plant may be completely devoid of leaves.
This is a polyphagous insect and persists in various proportions on different
host plants throughout the year. To control: (1) dust 10% BHC 30 kg per hectare in the soil, (2) spray
Endosulfan 1.5 litres in 100 litres of water per hectare, and (3) collect and
destroy the eggs and young larvae.
5. White fly
The adults of this insects are a tiny
and very delicate and have white or smoke coloured wings with which they
flitter away from plants on little disturbance. Insects stick to the lower
surface of leaves. The parts of leaves show yellowish discolouration. This
insect is also known to be vector of virus diseases which makes the insect even
more important. To control: (1) adopt the crop rotation, (2) grow the fresh
crop from infection free field, (3) grow resistant varieties. and (4)' dust 10%
BHC @ 25 kg per hectare.
XI. Interculture
Interculture is an important practice
for a successful crop production.
1. Weed control
Green gram's growth and branching are
affected by the growth of weeds in the field after a month of sowing. It is,
therefore, necessary to keep the crop free from weeds during the first few
months. Weeds cause about 20% reduction in yields and deteriorate the quality
of the grains. Weed control can be obtained either by manual weeding or by
using weedicides like Basalin @ 1 kg in 800 litres of water per hectare as
pre-planting spray.
2. Earthing up
In addition to hoeing, earthing up of
the crop is also beneficial. It becomes easy in line sowing method. It gives
extra support to the plants. By this process the soil cover is disturbed
resulting in free circulation of air in the soil.
3. Stagging
The moong plant is spreading type. The
weak stems need support to stand in the air, so stagging is necessary as it
encourages the plant parts to spread and distribute sunlight equally: The
incidence of diseases and pests can easily be detected and eradicated. The pods
or leaves do not come in contact with, irrigated water.
4. Thinning
The thinning and gap filling helps in
the efficient utilization of the plant nutrients. Green gram has a good
germination capacity as well as a good canopy. So removal of excess plants at
one place is necessary to maintain proper spacing. Similarly, in the places
where plant population is very sparse, gap filling can be done.
XII. Harvesting and
Yield
Harvesting of green gram requires an
experienced judgment over maturity. This crop does not have uniform maturity.
It is better to pick the mature pods at different time rather than to harvest
the whole plant. The varieties which are quite uniform in maturity require two
pickings. Harvested pods are dried and threshed. The yield of pure green gram
crop is about 15-20 quintals grain/hectare with about 20 quintals of straw.
XIII. Crop Rotation
Green gram is a legume crop and
therefore, fits into crop rotation well. Some of the important crop rotations
are given here.
1. Maize -wheat -moong
2. Moong -potato
3. Moong -wheat
4. Potato -wheat -moong
XIV. Cropping
Under rainfed conditions, to ensure
some yield or to utilize the space between widely spaced crop, the
intercropping of moong crop is highly beneficial. It not only adds to the total
yield but enriches the soil in nitrogen. Moong is grown mixed with maize,
arhar, cotton, bajra, sugarcane, sorghum, etc.
XV. Uses and Importance
Green gram is a rich source of high
quality protein. It contains about 25% protein. It contains aminoacids such as
arginine, histidine, lysine, tryptophane, etc. It has high digestibility and
palatability. In human food, its pods are used as green vegetable. Its whole
grains and split grains are used as dal and curry. Being highly digestible, its
curry is generally recommended for patients. Its flour is used in various
preparations like, halwa, savoury dishes, snacks, pakoras and fried dal, to get
very delicious and nutritious products. Its green plants, chopped and mixed
with other fodders are palatable feed for animals. It is also used as green manuring
crop, which adds nitrogen in addition to humus to the soil. It is a soil
protecting crop in rainy season.
XVI. Economics of Cultivation
Economics of Green gram cultivation can
be calculated with the help of the format given below.
1. Field preparation
- Ploughing USD
- Removing
of weeds. stones etc.
2. Cost of manures and fertilizers
- Cost
of FYM/ compost
- Cost
of chemical fertilizers
- Transport
charges
- Labour
charges
- Soil
testing charges
3. Cost of plant protection
- Cost
of fungicides/insecticides
- Transport
charges
- Cost
of application
- Cost
of weedicides
4. Cost of seeds and sowing
- Cost
of seeds
- Cost
of Rhizobium culture
- Cost
of seed treatment
- Transportation
charge
- Cost
of seed cleaning
- Cost
of sowing
5. Cost of irrigation and its labour charges
6: Watch and ward charges
7. Labour charges on hoeing, interculture, etc.
8. Harvesting and storage
- Labour
charges for harvesting
- Labour
charges for threshing etc.
- Cost
of gunny bags
- Cost
of packing
- Labour
charges upto store
- Storage
charges
9. Cost rent of farm tools and machinery
10. Crop insurance
11. Miscellaneous charges
Grand total
Income
1.Income from grains Rs
2. Income from fodder Rs
3. Income from other output Rs
Total income Rs
Net profit = Total income -Total cost of input
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